English written historiography began a generation before French written historiography. Firstly, this paper analyzes the historical reasons for the delay, and then the birth of the Ibadan, Dar es Salam, and Dakar Schools. African researchers of the 80s and 90s wrote a large number of Masters...

[eng] Abstract The first question is to know whether or not a history of the environment is possible, when one knows how poor may be the possible sources. A history of rainfalls is a key question for African history. It now exists, including the precolonial era. From the sixteenth century...

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