Formalization of qualitative research (that is, case study or ethnographic research) is a major adaptation to the policy world that includes codification of research questions before fieldwork starts, standardization of data collection procedures through semistruc tured interviews, and reduction...

Data from a national survey of inequalities in educational opportunity were analyzed to estimate the independent and joint effects of race, socioeconomic level, religion, and place of residence on chances of boys and girls dropping out of high school. Low socioeconomic level, non-Catholic...