spanning 1960 to 2005. It incorporates five types of property rights in pharmaceuticals; six statutory measures of enforcement … then sharply increases due to minimum standards set by the 1995 TRIPS Agreement. …

to patent protection on pharmaceuticals that can affect health care and delivery in developing countries. The potential …) How can developing countries deal with price increases that can result from increased patent protection to ensure access …

up the efficiency issue of implementing TRIPS and at the same time allowing international exhaustion of patent rights. … drug imitator. The low-income country chooses whether to enforce an International Patent Regime (strict IPR) or not (weak … IPR) and the high-income country chooses whether to allow parallel imports (PI) of on-patent drugs or market based …

The focus of this paper is India. In line with TRIPS India has introduced a product patent regime in pharmaceuticals …

In the context of the TRIPS agreement and the accompanying debate about the merits of the requirement to enforce … product patents for pharmaceuticals, this paper provides a rigorously-derived estimate of the possible impact of …-bacterials (i.e., antibiotics) in the Indian pharmaceuticals market. These estimates are then used to carry out counterfactual …

right, strong government research institutes and private sector enterprises which have invested in innovation. The TRIPS … discovery of drugs for neglected diseases of the developing world. Although the innovation system has the capability to develop …

This paper looks at the effects of WTO/TRIPS and pharmaceuticals on women. The focus is on the poor and women. The … benefits of health and modern pharmaceuticals. Access to generic low-priced medicines – including medicines for HIV AIDS …

to patent protection on pharmaceuticals that can affect health care and delivery in developing countries. The potential …) How can developing countries deal with price increases that can result from increased patent protection to ensure access …