Examination of data on the four Nordic countries leads to a critique of two theories in the international literature about Scandinavian exceptionalism: (i) the Lipset and Rokkan stability hypothesis as reiterated by S. Bartolini and P. Mair and (ii) the idea of the Scandinavian model stability...

The European Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development aim to stimulate European researchers, to increase cooperation in Europe and to establish a ‘critical mass’ of European excellence. To achieve this broad goal of mobilising and activating researchers, an efficient...

Comparisons of the costs of private and public production of the same service are of interest because governmental services do not have to be produced by public institutions. The production may be contracted out to private companies. The paper presents an empirical analysis of costs of private...