Economics, which has traditionally been concerned with what decisions are made rather than with how they are made, has more and more reason to interest itself in the procedural aspects of decision, especially to deal with uncertainty, and more generally, with nonequilibrium phenomena. A number...

This paper proposes an explanation for a fundamental property that appears to be shared by all multicelled organisms. Such organisms consist of a hierarchy of components, such that, at any level of the hierarchy, the rates of interaction within components at that level are much higher than the...