Although both in US antitrust and European competition law there is a clear evolution to a much broader application of "rule of reason" (instead of per-se rules), there is also an increasing awareness of the problems of a case-by-case approach. The "error costs approach" (minimizing the sum of...

In competition law, the problem of the optimal design of institutional and procedural rules concerns assessment processes of the pro- and anticompetitiveness of business behaviors. This is well recognized in the discussion about the relative merits of different assessment principles such as the...

This paper is concerned with the question of how to deal with Google Shopping’s position on online markets in order to prevent harm to public welfare. From the perspective of sellers and buyers of goods and services in Germany, Google can be seen as a gatekeeper to the Internet and thus as an...

The working paper includes a collection of the case notes written by the national judges who attended the European Networking and Training for National Competition Enforcers (ENTraNCE 2012). The training program was organized by the RSCAS between September 2012 and June 2013 with the financial...

The Anti-Monopoly Law, in effect since August 2008, seeks to encourage competition, maintain market order, and facilitates the allocation of resources through open markets in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Studies on the impact of this law on the PRC’s financial industry have been...

The contributions cover selected elements of Poland's regulatory practice that were of special importance for the development of the national telecommunications market and proved relevant, at the same time, for the implementation of EU rules. A significant part of this book is devoted to the...

The excessive discretion of Chile’s public authorities to set fines in competition matters may and should be restricted —from both a qualitative and a quantitative perspective. This work focuses on the latter aspect. Avoiding a ‘mechanical’ approach, it proposes a four-stage methodology...

During the last decade, Latin American countries have brought about important reforms in infrastructure services based both on private sector participation for enhancing internal efficiency and competition for increasing consumer welfare. Infrastructure services have evolved from monopoly and...

The introduction of the market economy in Eastern Europe produced important dilemmas for public actors within the region : to introduce freedom of competition, is it sufficient to rely upon the market or, on the contrary, is it necessary to adopt competition laws ? If the adoption of such laws...