The firm-level approach to intra-industry trade reveals that the variation in the number of exporters or exported varieties (extensive margin) accounts for a greater share of the changes in aggregate trade than the variation in the average exports per firm variety (intensive margin). This paper...

The complex nature of ‘international outsourcing’ makes it difficult to quantify its employment and broader impacts on national economies. Indeed, available evidence on the extent of ‘offshoring’ by US firms is scant, rendering analyses of its economic impacts as...

This paper examines the competitiveness of Japanese firms in the manufacturing sector since the middle of 1980s when the Japanese FDI outflow was accelerated. Instead of a standard residency-based balance of trade, we use the idea of ownership-based net foreign sales introduced by DeAnne Julius...

The focus of the research is on economic relations between Finland and the United States as well as their effects on the Finnish economy and Finnish-owned firms. A substantial share of the effects are transmitted through indirect channels. In the beginning the roles of the United States in world...

This paper extends the long-run growth model of Esfahani et al. (2009) to a labor exporting country that receives large inflows of external income?the sum of remittances, FDI and general government transfers?from major oil-exporting economies. The theoretical model predicts real oil prices to be...

In most macroeconomic models, the substitutability between domestic and foreign goods is calibrated using aggregated data. This imposes homogeneous elasticities across goods, and the calibration is only valid under this assumption. If elasticities are heterogeneous, the aggregate...