Based on 17 years of clinical teaching, supervision and participant observation in United States settings, this paper inquires into the cultural plausibility of the disease-model of chemical addictions in the U.S. The model is linked to (a) the targeting of pariah groups for scorn and...

This paper compares the physician's associate (PA)--primary care physician (MD) relationship with that of the clinical psychologist (Ph.D.)--psychiatrist (MD) relationship. It explores the manifest and latent, explicit and implicit, instrumental and expressive, and conscious and unconscious...