This paper attempts to provide benchmarks by which we may measure our progress toward eliminating racial discrimination in the labor market. Using projected labor force data, classified by race, sex, and education, we define nondiscriminatory black-white occupational patterns and earnings ratios...

This study assesses the wage effect of compulsory membership clauses in union contracts. Previous industry-level studies of union wage effects have used contract coverage as the measure of unionization, that is, the proportion of workers in an industry, both members and nonmembers of unions, who...