rationing of excessive demand is not optimal. It describes the characteristics that rationing of excessive demand has to imply …

Setting a price that results in rationing may be optimal for a seller whose customers must make a specific investment … to be able to use his product. Although rationing results in <MI>ex post<D> inefficiency, the resulting distribution of … higher profits than with market-clearing prices. Committing to a single price, and rationing if there is excess demand, can …

monopoly, analysing questions of introductory pricing and quantity rationing. The model suggests that neither of these two …