When the effective protection concept was first developed it was widely regarded as a key measure of the structure of protection and became widely deployed. It was however, subject to a theoretical critique on the grounds that it was essentially a partial equilibrium measure, which could not be...

Gravity models have been extensively used to evaluate the trade effects of regional trading arrangements, (RTAs), especially over the last 10 years or so. Questions addressed by researchers include, is there a regional bias to trade and are there identifiable trade affects attributable to RTAs?...

The European Union (EU) has more preferential trading arrangements than any other trading entity. For a quarter of a century African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries have benefited from unreciprocated preferential access to the EU market under a succession of Lomé Arrangements. Sunset...