Growing shares of international trade flows consist of intermediate and unfinished goods shipped from one country to … of international fragmentation of production in Europe, looking at how it affects relative labor demand. Models of trade … change in the relative factor intensities of the affected industries. We use international trade data specifically related to …

significant gains for liberalization of trade through the World Trade Organization. It is not clear that the reported gains are at … multilateral trade liberalization are very small even in a formal New Keynesian model incorporating economies with significant …

comes from the use of an index newly constructed using data on trade in parts and components to measure inter …-industry variations in the degree of international vertical specialization (fragmentation intensity of trade). It also employs a … methodology designed to embody peculiarities of Japan's fragmentation trade pattern. While the findings of existing studies are …

exported. We propose a relative measure of VS-based trade that combines information from Input-Output matrices and … international trade data, producing results for a large sample of individual countries and geographical areas with a detailed … product breakdown over the 1967-2005 period. This measure identifies a country’s trade flow as associated with VS activities …

Portuguese economy. The empirical trade literature suggests different measures of fragmentation, changing the scope of the … Input-Output matrices together with international trade data and those that look at specific elements of international … transactions, namely trade in parts and components and outward-inward processing trade. In this paper, we survey the different …

In this paper, we use detailed trade and transactions data for the U.S. manufacturing sector to empirically analyze the … direction and magnitude of the association between firm-level exposure to trade and the volatility of employment growth. We find … in terms of the duration of time and intensity with which firms trade, the number and type of products they trade and the …

The effects of policy interventions on women are of increasing concern to policy makers in all fields, and trade is no … exception. This note reviews recent World Bank projects and studies that "gender inform" trade-related interventions, and it … uses the Bank's experience to promote gender-equal opportunities by highlighting entry points at which trade projects …