Going alone on an adventure tour can be hazardous. This holds for individuals as well as for small and medium size firms aiming for major international markets. Business communities therefore follow a joint path of gradual internationalization that resembles the internationalization process of...

This paper discusses the restructuring in post-socialist economies. Case evidence from East Germany illustrates that foreign investors must do more than provide crucial resources and integrate firms into global production networks. They also have to become involved in the process of...

Institutions are widely regarded as a crucial locational advantage of host countries aiming to attract foreign investors. However, there is little agreement on which institutions matter, and why. This study contributes to filling this gap by analyzing the impact of different dimensions of the...

The rapid emergence of multinational enterprises (MNEs) from emerging economies calls for a re-assessment of established theories of the MNE. We assess the usefulness of the internationalization process model (IPM), also known as the Uppsala model, to explain the recent strategies of emerging...

Foreign investors are expected to contribute to economic development through a variety of channels. However, many foreign investment operations are small, and almost insignificant in their impact on the local environment. An important indication of the potential contribution of foreign investors...

The transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe have privatized their economies at an unprecendented speed in the 1990s. The expectation was that under private ownership, formerly state-owned firms would act as dynamic, profit-oriented players driving economic restructuring and growth....