punishment in a social dilemma. Emotional reaction to free-riding incites individuals to apply sanctions when they are available …. The application of sanctions activates a "virtuous emotional circle"" that accompanies cooperation. Emotionally aroused …

Dynamics of compliance, depending on audit probability, sanctions, and the time lag between audits, are investigated in … afterwards, especially if audits were frequent and sanctions high. …

We experimentally investigate the effects of sanctions when there are multiple equilibria. Two subjects play a two … find that exogenously introduced sanctions are effective in inducing optimistic beliefs about others and help coordination … on more efficient equilibria. On the other hand, endogenously introduced sanctions negatively influence beliefs about the …

. Sanctions introduced in the second round by the experimenter lead to more optimistic beliefs and higher efforts. This is not … true when sanctions have been imposed by the principal. The possibility that the choice of a sanction is a signal of low …

We model how unemployment benefit sanctions - benefit reductions that are imposed if unemployed do not comply with job … benefit sanctions are more effective in reducing unemployment than an across the board reduction in the replacement rate. …

This paper considers the economic sanctions that were applied in the mid-1980s to pressure the South African government … to end apartheid. It asks what role those sanctions played in the eventual demise of the apartheid regime and concludes … combined to bring about the change. If one is to argue for the efficacy of sanctions, two key obstacles are their limited …

This study finds that North Korea's nuclear test and the imposition of UN Security Council sanctions have had no …). If sanctions are to deter behavior in the future, they will have to be much more enthusiastically implemented. …

, sanctions, side payments, self-enforcing contracts, waivers and regional integrations within a multilateral order. In addition …

effort and benefit sanctions if observed search is deemed insufficient. We find that introducing monitoring and sanctions …