Kalecki was one of the co-developers of the principle of effective demand. This was used by many economists, in the post war period, to argue that government fiscal policy could be used to stimulate effective demand and fine tune the economy to reduce cyclical unemployment. Kalecki, however, was...

Faced with an ageing population, governments are shifting the financial responsibility for retirement to their citizens. Employers, too, are shifting this responsibility to employees, with most now offering defined-contribution retirement plans. Yet it is widely acknowledged that consumers do...

It is common for comparisons to be made of output growth and inflation across groups of countries, yet such comparisons can result in inconsistencies. We address two problems: (i) how to measure aggregate real output and inflation for groups of countries and (ii) how to construct measures of...