Large public investments in clean energy technology arguably constitute an industrial policy. One rationale points to market failures that have not been corrected by other policies, most notably greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on oil. Another inspiration for clean energy policy reflects...

Ocean shipping causes about 3.3 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. As global sea freight transport is expected to grow markedly in the long term, a corresponding increase in Greenhouse gas emissions is likely. Despite many years of multilateral negotiations no agreement has been...