We reassess, with industry-level data, the scale effect from trade protection, by means of a comprehensive fixed-cost variable, composing both technology coeficient and firms size, and a comparative (international) analysis. Evidence is based on Brazil’s manufacturing industries during its...

To access, with industry-level data, an ampler set of trade-policy effects under imperfect competition, which are: the competition, the scale and allocative effects. In theoretical terms, we rely on comparative advantages, underpinning the general-equilibrium analysis, and on spatial...

This paper describes recent and ongoing processes of technological change in agriculture, which has become a highly R&D-intensive sector in many countries of the Asia-Pacific region. It also considers the role of various forms of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in promoting such...