The paper discusses the process of externalization and contracting out of research and technology, in particular the outsourcing of R&D and technical activity formerly undertaken by manufacturing and service companies and now contracted out to other firms and specialist organizations. The growth...

The paper will explore the nature and impact of universities and other higher education institutions (HEIs) on firms' innovation and growth in an increasingly distributed and open innovation system, using a survey of some 400 firms in the UK. The analysis reveals significant differences in...

This article explores a phenomenon termed here as ‘encapsulation’. Part of this process is the trend in secondary (manufacturing) and primary (agricultural and resource-based) companies towards providing service products that are related to the goods they produce. The study attempts a more...