This study examines how the economic effects of elections in rural China depend on voter heterogeneity, for which …

€™ sensitivity to the costs of conflict, which reduces electoral support for incumbent parties engaging in dramatic foreign policy … examine incumbent parties’ vote shares in elections among nine advanced democracies from 1960 to 2000. Our results support …

A legitimate and effective democracy is essential for sustainable economic and social development. This updated and … democratic governance, and offers tentative conclusions on the types of reforms that may hold promise for strengthening democracy …

; and 3) greatly increased the proportion of wasted votes cast in elections. …

general elections in the Fourth Republic without widespread violence since 1992. Yet, the kind of tensions and acrimony that … surround her elections are issues that cannot be glossed over. The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana paved the way for … every election year, a common feature of elections in Ghana is the numerous appeals for peace from all sections of society …

of these states had to live in exile and state prisons. Elections, though conducted regularly after five or six years … were not free and fair as reported by many independent observers. According to many experts these elections were not more …

that examination takes place in spite of, rather than thanks to, elections. Elections are needed as a carrot and a stick to …