This article reports on an exploratory study, conducted at a number of universities in the Czech Republic during 2008-09, on the perception of the value of industry placement for academics in economic disciplines. An industry placement requires an academic to be seconded to a relevant industry...

Incoterms 2010, issued by the International Chamber of Commerce and effective from 1 January 2011, is a set of rules for the delivery of product between sellers and buyers that is routinely incorporated into international contracts of sale. Incoterms 2010, outline, on a mutually exclusive basis,...

In international trade transactions one of the primary concerns of exporters is payment for goods sold to foreign buyers. Country risk and customer risk are two components of the exporter's overall credit risk. One effective means of reducing these risks is through the choice of an appropriate...

This paper considers the changes between the Incoterms 2000 and the Incoterms 2010 from a risk management perspective, and highlights the challenges that traders may encounter when dealing with some of these terms. For example, the problematic FOB term and its use in containerisation is not...

A letter of credit (L/C), in international trade may be described as an instrument of finance carrying a conditional guarantee of payment from the overseas (buyer's) bank to the seller. Consequently, a L/C is desirable in high value and/or high risk transactions. The guarantee is conditional...