The envisaged European Union (EU) enlargement will widen the spread of economic structures and wealth levels across the EU. However, experience with previous rounds of accessions has shown that the transition to stable growth matters more for the acceptance and development of the Union than does...

Using a ‘three-phase model’ of transformation, this paper analyses and compares the initial situations of the science and technology (S&T) systems of 17 Central and East European countries and the changes they then underwent during the 1990s. Three groups emerged when the differences between...

In the GDR, science was largely oriented on underpinning political objectives and in particular on promoting the economy. On the basis of a linear model of research and innovation processes, a specific hierarchically structured organizational and management structure for research was created and...

Nach der deutschen Einheit sollte in Ostdeutschland die Forschung nach dem Muster und mit der Leistungsfähigkeit der westdeutschen gestaltet werden. Obwohl der Institutionentransfer weit fortgeschritten ist, wurde damit bisher keine einheitliche deutsche Forschungslandschaft erreicht. Bei der...

Knowledge and learning are seen as key success factors for international competitiveness and economic growth in contemporary societies and have been placed at the top of the policy agenda in many countries. But actual developments in former socialist countries of Europe and Asia have totally run...

In all Central and East European Countries (CEEC) the first phase of transformation comprised the dissolution and fragmentation of the socialist S&T system through top-down and bottom-up processes, and was linked to S&T personnel being cutback to approximately 20 to 50% of the former peak level....

Under the ca. 15 years of doi moi (renovation) policy, Vietnam's development has been taking place in the two different but overlapping contexts of transformation and swift economic development. These contexts correspond to two different scenarios for the country's future: One scenario of...