, Christians, Jews, and Muslims residing in close proximity in Medieval Spain experienced a period of relative peace, prosperity … played among Christians, Jews, and Muslims in Medieval Spain. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 …

This paper investigates the causal impact of non-state armed groups on local institutions during the armed conflict in … organizations, with a particularly strong effect on political organizations. This strengthening of local institutions during wartime …

do is not simply introducing open access institutions, but reorganizing the incentives of the elites so that to limit … violence, provide economic and political stability and make a gradual transition to the open access order beneficial for the …

institutions and governance to provide citizen security, justice and jobs is crucial to break cycles of violence while stimulating … recommends the need for restoring confidence, transforming institutions(procedures), providing specialized assistance, acting …

This article distinguishes between ‘‘direct’’ and ‘‘indirect’’ violence during civil wars. These two … types differ in their forms of production: while indirect violence is unilaterally perpetrated by an armed group, direct … violence is jointly produced by an armed group and civilians, and it hinges on local collaboration. These differences have …

Recent research on violence against civilians during wars has emphasized war-related factors over political ones. For … that levels of prewar electoral competition explain variation in levels of direct violence from both the left and the right … whereby subsequent levels of violence are highly correlated with initial levels of violence. I argue that the mechanism behind …

stronger than the other – exhibit different patterns of violence. We hypothesize that, while the mode of violence differs, the … loyalties. We test the theory using two fine-grained datasets on individuals displaced during a conventional civil war, in Spain …