over the period from 1948 through 2008. We find that, with the introduction of the euro, trade imbalances among euro area … tends to be more balanced when nominal exchange rates are flexible. Intra-euro area imbalances also seem to have become more … persistent with the introduction of the euro, some of which is linked to labor market inflexibility. Reviewing the direction of …

of 18 European countries over the period from 1948 through 2008. We find that, with the introduction of the euro, trade … imbalances among euro area members widened considerably, even after allowing for permanent asymmetries in trade competitiveness … within pairs of countries or in the overall trade competitiveness of individual countries. Intra-euro area imbalances also …

implications of the first decade of the Euro and to extend this understanding forwards to Europe and beyond. …

, Eurozone societies. A review of EMU's origins and first years of EMU would thus be remiss without national case studies. France … European monetary integration and EMU. …

of ECB and of the SECB, section 5 assesses the study of euro impact on Portugal and, section 6 evaluates EMU after 10 …We show the Portuguese transition to the euro, in the framework of political economics, by constructing a bivariate … confidence index, based upon Rocha de Sousa (1998, 1999a,b, 2001). Besides we try to understand if the euro functioned as an …

and monetary union (EMU), as well as on some key problems of Stage Three that EMU’s monetary and fiscal structures … single joint currency. A third problem, one that is central for EMU and to any currency union, lies behind the difficulty of … with the provision of lender of last resort facilities in the euro zone and the framework for supervising financial …

An economic analysis of the EU and EMU, from origin to likely future, is presented. …

An economic analysis of the EU and EMU, from origin to likely future, is presented. …