Societal theories of trade policy stress the importance of domestic interest groups, whereas statist theories focus on … macroeconomic conditions on trade policy to be weaker in fragmented states than in those characterized by a highly centralized … potent impact on trade policy in democracies than in other regimes, since the electoral constraints facing democratic leaders …

To date, government procurement has been effectively carved out of the main multilateral rules of the WTO system. This … addition to relevant elements of the WTO Agreements, particularly the Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) and the General … Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), it derives insights from a large number of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) that embody …

liberalization commitments and was subject to review by the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Committee. In her view, the same mechanism …In her paper, Sylvia Ostry argues that if China had joined the GATT, the negotiations would have been far easier since … market access under GATT was mainly about border barriers. But since the Uruguay Round the concept of market access has been …

Developing countries have been characterized as having played an essentially defensive role in the GATT, unwilling to …. These three perspectives have become part of the conventional wisdom in the academic literature on the GATT. The paper … GATT. …

two-track approach of relying on multilateral liberalization under the GATT/WTO and open regionalism under Asia …'s changing structure of trade, FDI and economy that underlay policy changes. We argue that until the late 1990s Japan adopted a …-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) on the one hand and on the bilateral trade relationship with the US on the other. Although the …

manufacturing – the increase in use, produce and sales of services. However, servicification of firms and its role for foreign trade … and policy have only received limited attention. This paper reviews microlevel evidence and discusses trade policy … chains. Therefore, the historic divides in trade-policy-making between trade in manufactures and services, between offensive …

economic policy. In our empirical analysis, based on an extensive dataset covering most of world trade, we …nd that GSP tends …

prediction that political liberalization could discourage trade and trade could foster democracy. …This paper is an empirical investigation on the relationship between trade globalization and political liberalization …

There are many stories of democracy but little consensus over which variables robustly determine its emergence and … million regressions. The most robust determinants of the transition to democracy are GDP growth (a negative eect), past … countries are less likely to see democracy emerge, although the latter finding is driven entirely by oil producing Muslim …

House indices have been criticized on several grounds, I reinvestigate Rowley and Smith’s finding using the new Democracy …