In 2009, the European Union (EU) introduced a regulation prohibiting the importation and marketing of seal products except for those originated from the hunts by indigenous people or from the hunts for maritime resource management. The measure relates to animal welfare as it is concerned about...

This paper examines whether private actors can rely upon WTO Agreements and rulings when challenging the legality of actions taken by a WTO member before that member's domestic court, with special attention to the cases on trade remedies law, such as antidumping and subsidies countervailing...

A prerequisite for receiving protection through investment arbitration for foreign investments under investment protection treaties is that the investments concerned satisfy the definitions of "investor" and "investment" in those treaties. To date, however, the interpretation of provisions...

One of the most important issues addressed in this case was whether it is World Trade Organization (WTO)-consistent to determine the anti-dumping (AD) duty rate not on an individual-exporter basis but on a country-wide basis when imposing AD measures on exporters from non-market economies...

There are some 2,800 international investment agreements (IIAs) that provide rules for protecting foreign investment from other contracting parties. When disputes occur between a foreign investor and a host state government, most IIAs allow investors to bring a case before an arbitral tribunal...

To quantify the impacts of immigration on the Japanese economy, we present a large-scale numerical dynamic equilibrium model with OLG and a total of 16 countries and regions, both those that are industrialized including Japan, the U.S. and EU, and developing countries China, Brazil, the...

We investigate the effect of close customer relationships on small firms' provision of trade credit during the 2001-2003 recession in Japan. Many studies argue that close customer relationships are costly for suppliers because when their main customer has a high proportion of the firm's total...

This paper applies the job creation (JC)/ destruction (JD) method to the micro data of Japanese manufacturing firms and provides a bird's eye portrait of the dynamism of globalizing firms in terms of domestic employment, domestic establishments, domestic affiliates, and trade. It examines gross...

After the Great East Japan Earthquake and the subsequent nuclear accident, nuclear power stations no longer can be presumed to be perfectly safe and thus hardly can be allowed to restart in Japan. In this study, we develop a nine-region spatial equilibrium model of the Japanese power market and...

This paper empirically examines the impact of board diversity on firms' innovative activity, taking advantage of the unique firm-level dataset in the period 2000-2011 in Japan. We constructed measurements of the degree of board diversity by using various characteristics of board members such as...