In 2009, the European Union (EU) introduced a regulation prohibiting the importation and marketing of seal products except for those originated from the hunts by indigenous people or from the hunts for maritime resource management. The measure relates to animal welfare as it is concerned about...

This paper examines whether private actors can rely upon WTO Agreements and rulings when challenging the legality of actions taken by a WTO member before that member's domestic court, with special attention to the cases on trade remedies law, such as antidumping and subsidies countervailing...

A prerequisite for receiving protection through investment arbitration for foreign investments under investment protection treaties is that the investments concerned satisfy the definitions of "investor" and "investment" in those treaties. To date, however, the interpretation of provisions...

One of the most important issues addressed in this case was whether it is World Trade Organization (WTO)-consistent to determine the anti-dumping (AD) duty rate not on an individual-exporter basis but on a country-wide basis when imposing AD measures on exporters from non-market economies...

There are some 2,800 international investment agreements (IIAs) that provide rules for protecting foreign investment from other contracting parties. When disputes occur between a foreign investor and a host state government, most IIAs allow investors to bring a case before an arbitral tribunal...

This paper discusses factors that relate to the age of valid standards. Unlike patents and copyrights, standards are created without a fixed effective time set by law. A linked dataset is first prepared by connecting the technology categories of the Japanese Industrial Standards—the de jure...

This study investigates the effect of a negative demand shock on the composition of the type of workers at firms, focusing on the change in the share of temporary agency in all workers. To clearly identify the causal link between the demand a firm faces and the composition of its workforce in...

The concept of "exorbitant privilege" has received great attention from policy makers as well as academics worldwide. The idea originally referred to the willingness of foreigners to hold large quantities of US government debt at extremely low interest rates, due to the dollar's world reserve...

Bloom and Van Reenen (2007) show that differences in management practices are correlated with productivity differences at the firm level. In this paper, we conducted similar interview surveys on management practices in Japanese and Korean firms in 2008 and 2012. We find that overall management...

This paper examines the extent to which a firm's management practices are valued in the marketplace using the interview survey data which are comparable with that in Bloom and Van Reenen (2007). Kawakami and Asaba (2013) use the same interview data and find that among various management...