Wheat production stagnated in France during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, while cultivated acreage and wheat output declined sharply around the Mediterranean from the 1870s. Wheat output never recovered in this region despite the introduction in 1885 of tariff measures, such...

[fre] Résumé . En dépit d'une histoire politique souvent décrite comme à rebours l'une de l'autre, la constitution des bureaucraties d'État au XIXe siècle, en France et en Grande-Bretagne présente de nombreux points de rencontre. Au cours de la période 1870-1914, moment décisif de...

[eng] Abstract The postal service, as well as long-distance communications, emerge as the first historical example of a government-managed enterprise in an industrial society. It is therefore possible to apply to these activities standard measurement procedures as are used for privately-managed,...

Far from fostering Continent Europe?'s industrial catching-up process, late 19th Century protectionism is more likely to have slowed it down. This emerges from panel analysis linking real effective protection and labour productivity for three continental countries (France, Italy and Germany)...

Measuring pre-1914 French industrial output is still the subject of much controversy. The present reconstruction exercise, rather than focusing on sectoral growth rates, investigates the composition of the wage bill of the secondary sector as well as the level of return on its fixed capital. The...