In this paper, I extend the model in Coate and Loury (CL) (1993) to show how statistical discrimination by employers can help create gender wage gap for men and women with equal earning potentials. Given that employers do not perfectly observe a worker¡¯s skill type and partly rely on the...

This paper introduces the status quo of herdsman's settlement in Fuhai County of Xinjiang. As to the herdsman's settlement in this county, there are 5 models: centralized settlement, sporadic settlement, settlement along the river, striped settlement along hillside, flower-arrangement-style...

In-service teacher training aims to improve the supply of public education. A randomized experiment was conducted in Mexico to test whether teacher training could increase teacher efficiency in public secondary schools. After seven and a half months of exposure to a trained teacher, students...

In this study, I empirically estimate the impact of children on women's labor market outcomes (such as work status, work hours and earnings). The identification in a female labor supply model where the fertility is endogenous comes from the assumption that a miscarriage – spontaneous loss...

The shortest-residual family of conjugate gradient methods was first proposed by Hestenes and was studied by Pytlak, and Dai and Yuan. Recently, a no-line-search scheme in conjugate gradient methods was given by Sun and Zhang, and Chen and Sun. In this paper, we show the global convergence of...

The impact of microcredit on women's empowerment remains controversial, as documented in the microfinance literature. While some studies claim that microcredit helps women increase their income earning abilities, leading to greater power to overcome cultural asymmetries, others contend that...

Industrialization of bio-energy relies on the supply of resources on a large scale. The theoretical biomass resources could reach 2.61–3.51billiontce (tons of coal equivalent)/a in China, while the available feedstock is about 440–640milliontce/a, however, among this only 1.5–2.5% has been...

Growing international trade has not only positively affected the People's Republic of China's (China's) economic development, but also expanded the exportation of energy embodied in goods during their production. This energy flow out will pose risks to China's rational utilization of natural...

This paper presents a new cellular automata (CA) model which uses artificial neural networks tlsbfor both calibration and simulation. A critical issue for urban CA simulation is how to determine parameter values and define model structures. The simulation of real cities involves the use of many...

A constrained cellular automata (CA) model based on 'grey cells' for the simulation of different types of urban forms and developments is developed within a raster GIS. Remote sensing and GIS are used to supply information on environmental constraints and locations of growth centers for the...