energy taxes in the same sector (within-sector), but also the role played by energy taxes in upstream and downstream sectors … downstream stringency is the most relevant driver for innovation and that most of the effect of regulation on productivity is …

conditions under which costs of strategic upstream land use changes could be exceeded by compensations afforded by downstream … mutually beneficial upstream and downstream outcomes. Examples refer to the Macquarie River downstream of Dubbo, NSW, and …The net present value (NPV) of downstream economic benefits of changes in water-yield (W) and salt-load (S) of mean …

framework consists in the introduction of a stylized supply chain where upstream firms – i.e. producers of capital goods (K …-firms) – supply a durable and sticky input (capital) to the downstream firms, who produce consumption goods (C-firms) to be sold to … firms and markets which yield interesting emerging properties at the macro level. We show that the interaction of upstream …