We review recent progress in generalized-ensemble simulations of proteins. Focusing on the formation of secondary structure, we show how these techniques can lead to a deeper understanding of the folding mechanism in proteins.

We study the temporal evolution of the market efficiency in the stock markets using the complexity, entropy density, standard deviation, autocorrelation function, and probability distribution of the log return for Standard and Poor's 500 (S&P 500), Nikkei stock average index, and Korean...

Using the price change and the log return of 10 stock market indices, we examine the temporal evolution of the time scale. The 10 stock markets had similar properties. Their log-return time series had patterns and long-range correlations until the mid-1990s. In the 2000s, however, the long-range...

We study the temporal evolutions of three stock markets; Standard and Poor's 500 index, Nikkei 225 Stock Average, and the Korea Composite Stock Price Index. We observe that the probability density function of the log-return has a fat tail but the tail index has been increasing continuously in...

The ultimate value of theories of the fundamental mechanisms comprising the asset price in financial systems will be reflected in the capacity of such theories to understand these systems. Although the models that explain the various states of financial markets offer substantial evidences from...

We investigated the grouping coefficients of industrial sectors in the stock network based on stock data for the U.S. and Korean stock markets. These complex networks were modeled using the minimal spanning tree (MST) method. We propose a novel approach based on the shortest path length (SPL)...

We investigated financial market data to determine which factors affect information flow between stocks. Two factors, the time dependency and the degree of efficiency, were considered in the analysis of Korean, the Japanese, the Taiwanese, the Canadian, and US market data. We found that the...

We investigated the topological properties of stock networks constructed by a minimal spanning tree. We compared the original stock network with the estimated network; the original network is obtained by the actual stock returns, while the estimated network is the correlation matrix created by...

We studied the long-term memory in diverse stock market indices and foreign exchange rates using Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA). For all high-frequency market data studied, no significant long-term memory property was detected in the return series, while a strong long-term memory property...