Firms are not completely free to choose technical specifications for their products. For various reasons (public health, customers' security, compatibility), they must conform to standards which can be manipulated strategically either by dominant firms or by governments to protect domestic...

We study a problem of choice between patenting or keeping secret a process innovation in a duopoly game. We show that patent is the best choice for a mean innovation; but when the innovation is highly profitable, or on the contrary, when its profitability is low, the inventing firm is better off...

[eng] Some instruments to regulate a public enterprise . . In this paper, we stuc!y the consequences of divergent objectives between a public enterprise and the govenment. While the enterprise, for informational reasons, includes only sectorial elements into its objective function, the...

[fre] Dans cet article, on étudie les conséquences d'un relâchement de l'hypothèse de rendements constants dans une industrie aval, lorsqu'on compare une filière industrielle organisée en deux secteurs distincts (un monopole amont, entreprises concur­rentielles en aval) d'une part, et un...

The paper analyzes the interaction between a reliable source of electricity production and intermittent sources such as wind or solar power. We first characterize the first-best dispatch and investment in the two types of energy. We put the accent on the availability of the intermittent source...

Thanks to "smart grids", consumers will gradually become active players in electricity markets, especially by voluntarily decreasing their consumption when receiving scarcity messages from the market operator. For a fast and efficient transition to a more dynamic industry, the regulatory and...

We analyze the interaction between a reliable source of electricity production and intermittent sources such as wind or solar power. We first characterize the optimal energy mix, emphasizing the availability of the intermittent source as a major parameter for the optimal investment in capacity....

This article shows how European courts have managed tensions between antitrust and intellectual protection in three areas: (1) Parallel imports and market segmentation; (2) Refusals to supply essential inputs protected by patents and copyrights; (3) Forms of conduct by copyright collectives.

Ce chapitre est consacré aux aspects microéconomiques de l'innovation. La première partie détaille les mécanismes élémentaires qui poussent les entreprises à innover et les freins à leur effort quand l'appropriation des résultats n'est pas parfaite. La deuxième partie présente la...