In this paper, we have surveyed the effects of European climate change policy on European economies and societies, and analyzed them empirically. The paper consists of four parts. Namely, 1) a survey of ex-ante studies and ex-post literatures on the cost assessments of European Union Emissions...

Beginning in late 2008, Ireland experienced a fiscal crisis. This resulted in November 2010 in agreement between the Irish government and the European Central Bank, the European Commission and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) – known collectively as ‘the Troika’ – whereby the latter...

In 2008, the European Union established what seemed like an ambitious cap (−21% from 2005 levels) for the third phase (2013–2020) of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). Ex ante modeling—which took account of the reductions in emissions resulting from meeting the...

The Emissions Trading scheme now (January 2003) in prospect in the European Union is likely to be the first trans-national greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme in the world. With the participation of the European Economic Area [EEA] countries and with the forthcoming EU enlargement, 30...