The purpose of this paper is to answer the following question: are corporations responsible for protecting the environment? In order to answer this question, this paper addresses the following topics: major oil spills, corporate social responsibility, corporate social irresponsibility,...

Despite the fact that widespread, severe poverty is part of the national context in many countries, the private sector has done little to end world poverty and hunger. Among the many challenges to effective private sector engagement, understanding how to increase organizational motivation in...

This study investigates the mediating role of customer satisfaction in the relationships between two types of corporate associations (corporate ability and corporate social responsibility) and two behavioral outcomes (word of mouth and loyalty intentions). In addition, the authors explore...

India’s financial system compares favorably internationally, but rising credit risk and liquidity pressures are putting it under strain. The staff report for India’s 2008 Article IV Consultation discusses economic developments and policies. The authorities have already taken...

This paper presents empirical evidence on the effects of achieving investment grade on borrowing costs for the sovereign and the private sector. This study provides background information on sovereign credit ratings and compares Panama’s key macroeconomic and institutional characteristics...

Emerging European countries have made large strides in developing their local capital markets since the early-1990s. However, the rate of development has been widely disparate across countries and market segments, underpinned by the varying degrees of progress made in key areas such as...