This paper explains how the UK government sets its annual budgets within the context of multi-year spending reviews, yet was able to announce policies in the 2011 annual budget that sat outside the 2010 spending review framework. As such, it illustrates that the budget process remains an enabler...

<italic>This paper identifies the key factors that have affected the ability of elected mayors in some German cities to introduce austerity measures in response to serious financial problems. Drawing on a detailed study of six municipalities in North Rhine-Westphalia, it highlights how the mayor's...</italic>