We examine how formal contracts moderate the relationship between a partner’s reputation and cooperation effects in public-private (P-P) partnerships. We base our analysis on differences between formal contracts, which require a series of legal agreements, and informal contracts, which may be...

Although previous studies focus on the role of women in the boardroom and corporate response to natural disasters, none evaluate how women directors influence corporate philanthropic disaster response (CPDR). This study collects data on the philanthropic responses of privately owned Chinese...

This study examines how the reference-point effect and sunk-cost fallacy interact with stakeholder theory and influence how investors evaluate corporate social performance. We propose that ex-ante (pre-IPO) corporate social performance influences ex-post (post-IPO) perceived riskiness and that...

This study examines how stakeholders' investment time horizons interact with information about corporate giving in initial public offering (IPO) firms. Specifically, we build a model that explains how corporate philanthropy affects IPO performance. We find that at the IPO-preparation stage,...

The effects of tumble combined with EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) on the combustion and emissions were experimentally investigated in a spark ignition engine in this study. A low pressure loop EGR system and a variable tumble valve in intake ports were employed, by which wide range of EGR...

A full-engine-cycle multidimensional model was applied to investigate the effect of late (intake valve closing) IVC on combustion and emission characteristics in a diesel (premixed charge compression ignition) PCCI engine in a wide speed and load range. The results indicate that the in-cylinder...