. The paper discusses when and why clientelism on the basis of party affiliation may arise. Operationally, party …-based clientelism is defined as a bias of public policy in favour of members of the governing political party. In a sample of local … governments in India, party-based clientelism is shown to exist in two out of four states and to be strongly affected by economic …

, the practicing physicians tend to be older and young doctors are becoming less willing to settle in their own surgery. To … cope with these challenges the Regional Associations of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians in Brandenburg …

In Germany there is an ongoing debate on the adequate distribution of physicians that are obliged to guarantee the …. From a health economics point of view it has to be discussed which role physicians have to play within different forms of … organizing care and cure. In the paper, a standardized utility function that depicts physicians’ interest helps to figure out the …

these are often entrenched in patron-client networks. And while studies of collective action under clientelism are in short … context-specific, which matters a great deal for their implications for collective action. Making use of a natural experiment … in rural Punjab, Pakistan, the paper finds that the unequal relationship between landlords and peasants does not, in and …

We provide a theory of political clientelism, which explains sources and determinants of political clientelism, the … relationship between clientelism and elite capture, and their respective consequences for allocation of public services, welfare …

ideologies: clientelism and environmental politics. The importance of conservation actors, in terms of their perceived or …