There is abundant evidence that research collaboration has become the norm in every field of scientific and technical research. We provide a critical overview of the literature on research collaboration, focusing particularly on individual-level collaborations among university researchers, but...

In this paper, we show that an information source composed with n random variables may be split into 2n or 2n−1 “states”; therefore, one could compute the maximum entropy of the source. We derive the efficiency and the unused capacity of an information source. We demonstrate that in more...

The relationship between breakthrough and incremental innovation remains one of the more important issues in innovation theory and in national innovation policy. Using a comparative historical approach, in this paper, we analyze the rise and fall of Germany as a science and innovation leader of...

The role of universities in regional innovation has evolved over the last 20 years. This evolution has seen the emergence of a third role of universities that has re-shaped and transformed their two traditional functions of teaching and research. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for...

University research provides valuable inputs to industrial innovation. It is therefore not surprising that private sector firms increasingly seek direct access through funding public R&D. This development, however, spurred concerns about possible negative long-run effects on scientific...

Based on a sample of research units in science and engineering at German universities, this study reports survey evidence showing that research grants impact research content. Research units that receive funds from industry are more likely to source ideas from the private sector. The higher the...

An impressive literature documents how individual-level factors correlate with entrepreneurship and commercialization behaviors. We have far less insight, however, into how different organizational contexts may, in fact, play a dominant role in shaping these individuals and their behaviors. In...

Universities are today expected to contribute not only to education and knowledge production but also to development. This article contributes to debate the role of universities in the dynamics of innovation systems. A framework to analyse specific innovation systems is suggested, focusing...

The role of universities has evolved from its traditional focus on education and research to active participation in regional economic development. Technology transfer offices (TTOs) were created at Canadian universities to help regulate and monetise the transfer of knowledge created by the...