This study aims at exploring the barriers against women to reach the high-ranked positions of trade unions in Turkey …. Similar to many developing countries, Turkish women are involved in low status and irregular jobs. Moreover, women are not … represented equally with men in paid employment. As a result, the ratio of women is quite low in trade union membership. In fact …

period 1968-1991. We find that the effects of changes in the wage structure on women's wages have varied over time and have … had partly counteracting effects. Changes in industry wage differentials have systematically worked against women, while … wage inequality was dramatic. In 1981, however, the wage compression effect accounted only for a minor proportion of women …

demand and supply. Austria taxes labor heavily, and this practice explains in particular the limited labor supply of low …-skilled workers and women. The IMF report highlights that social security contributions and payroll taxes amount to almost 50 percent …