a noisy information signal concerning fraud. Monitoring an election is not always worth the cost and so democracy is not …I examine the provision of free and fair elections using a decision-theoretic model in which election observers provide … fair elections are a public good, municipal election fraud result from Tiebout provision of this local public good. I offer …

Democracy is not necessarily consolidated simply by the introduction of formal democratic institutions. It is often … establish an independent election governing institution? Assuming that a ruler prefers to maintain her power, basically she has … such a case, a ruler has an incentive to establish an independent election commission to avoid unnecessary collisions by …

The result of Indonesian legislative election 2004 is analyzed with certain comparative with the previous one (1999 …

The result of Indonesian legislative election 2004 is analyzed with certain comparative with the previous one (1999 …