strongly affects teaching evaluations. To investigate whether the impact is due to productivity or discrimination, that is, if … Becker-type customer discrimination, we propose a simple theoretical framework and build a measure of teachers’ abilities … evaluations even controlling for ability, suggesting that customer discrimination is the key factor explaining the role of beauty. …

discrimination or to individual effort. The absence of any evidence of regional discrimination in the process by which misconduct …

explained by differences in education quality. Thus the unexplained residual, often identified with labour market discrimination …, usually greatly over-estimates such discrimination. This emphasises even more strongly the need for greater equity in …