Training effectiveness is a function of trainee characteristics, training design andcontextual factors. Social exchanges in the work environment have received less attention comparedwith other training effectiveness predictors. We focus on the extent to which leaders (through theirrelationships...

Based on a sample of 350 employees in the telecommunication and telecommunication, we obtained empirical evidence suggesting that while individuals high on conscientiousness tended to react more positively to job scope, individuals high on negative affinity tended to react less positively. Job...

The performance of manufacturing SMEs has declined in Pakistan. The task environment of manufacturing SMEs in Pakistan was studied for two main purposes: to identify the perceived environmental risks and to investigate if response uncertainty is a major issue for management while dealing with...

Virtual organization emerged as a highly flexible structure in response to the rapidly changing environment of 20th century. This organization consists of independently working parties that combine their best possible resources to exploit the emerging market opportunities. There are no formal...

Virtual organization (VO) is an outcome of technological advancements and the introduction of structural flexibilities in organizations. It is a temporary combination of internally independent parties to exploit the emerging market opportunities. The need to demonstrate extra efficiency in its...