,and construct measures of polarization and fractionalization based on the cardinals’places of birth. The deaths of popes and … cardinals provide plausible exogenousvariation in the timing of the conclave and the composition of the Collegeof Cardinals …, which we exploit to analyze the causal effect of a divided conclaveon conflict. We find that an increase of one standard …

examine the roles of ethnicity and religion in conflict and war. Based on one theory, the Ottoman conquests were driven by the …

ultimate determinants of conflict. However, fractionalization in all its demographic forms is endogenous in the long run. In … the relationship between fractionalization and the propensity of internal conflict statistically insignificant. Finally …

rivals of a different affiliation. The overall patterns of conflict in continental Europe as well as those between the …

This paper analyzes the relationship between ethnic fractionalization, polarization, and conflict. In recent years many … channel is not through an increase in potential ethnic conflict. We discuss the appropriateness of indices of polarization to … explain this nexus is the effect of ethnic heterogeneity on rent-seeking activities and the increase in potential conflict …

main measures of ethnic heterogeneity are employed in the econometric literature on ethnic diversity and conflict: the Gini … heterogeneity or fractionalization index and the discrete polarization index. However, still no broad consensus is reached on which … distributional aspect of ethnic diversity is associated with the outbreak of conflict. In this paper we argue that the relative …

able to better identify the effect of ethnolinguistic polarization on the civil conflict in the country. We find that, for … each of our polarization indices, there is a positive effect on the conflict. The historical underpinnings of our indices …Polarization measures, that are used in examining the empirical relationship between ethnic divisions and violent …

The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, we develop the measurement theory of polarization for the case in which … polarization indices that can be used to compare polarization across time or entities. Distribution-free statistical inference … results are also derived in order to ensure that the orderings of polarization across entities are not simply due to sampling …

In this paper we study a behavioral model of conflict that provides a basis for choosing certain indices of dispersion … as indicators for conflict. We show that the (equilibrium) level of conflict can be expressed as an (approximate) linear … function of the Gini coefficient, the Herfindahl-Hirschman fractionalization index, and a specific measure of polarization due …