The late 19th and early 20th century British labour market experienced an influx of female clerical workers. Employers argued that female employment increased opportunities for men to advance; however, most male clerks regarded this expansion of the labour supply as a threat to their pay and...

This paper explores a part of the systems used by the British-owned Union Bank of Australia in managing its labour force in the 1920s. The particular concerns addressed here focus on the opportunities presented to workers to 'cheat' arising from the nature of the tasks undertaken, which meant...

This article uses personnel, payroll, and other records from the Union Bank of Australia to examine internal labor markets. It is shown that employment was characterized by limited ports of entry, impersonal rules for pay and promotion, well-defined career ladders, shielding from the external...

This paper examines wage adjustment in the late 19th and early 20th centuries using personnel records from the Union Bank of Australia and Williams Deacon's Bank (England). During the period of this study there was steep and prolonged deflation. Firm-specific and industry-specific demand shocks...

This paper examines internal labour markets in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century using personnel records from the Union Bank of Australia and the Victorian Railways. Both employers hired young workers and offered them the possibility of very-long-term employment. Salaries were...

This paper uses the personnel and payroll records of the Union Bank of Australia to examine its personnel policies. It is shown that the bank maintained all of the classic internal labor market features described by Doeringer and Priore and others. There were restrictions on ports of entry;...