Building on the seminal work of Ginarte and Park (1997. Research Policy. 26, 283–301), we develop an index of property … rights in pharmaceutical inventions, the Pharmaceutical Intellectual Property Protection (PIPP) Index, for 154 countries … developed and developed countries, the PIPP Index starts at low levels in 1960, increases slowly through the early 1990s, and …

) обмеження.The article integral evaluation indicators of innovationoriented investments engineering enterprises. It was … determined that almost all companies overall cumulative index for 2002 2012 years is at a level below the average as planned this … concluded that innovation and investment aimed engineering related to issues of funding and financial support for capital …

Building on the seminal work of Ginarte and Park (1997), we develop an index of property rights in pharmaceutical … innovations, the Pharmaceutical Intellectual Property Protection (PIPP) Index, for 154 countries spanning 1960 to 2005. It … Index starts at low levels in 1960, increases slowly through the early 1990s, and then sharply increases due to minimum …

industries today, patents may actually discourage investment in innovation for fear of winding up on the losing side of a patent … innovation? This article notes that historical evidence, cross-country evidence, economic experiments, and estimates of net … fight, and routine injunctive relief from patent protection may contribute to this problem. …

such a hyper-inflationist economy. As the evaluation basis in accountancy is historic cost, and, due to the fact that under … employed. Theses accounting methods under circumstances of inflation may rely on conversion, evaluation or other mixed methods …

We propose an evaluation of well-being in the French regions. In order to measure well-being, we use a composite index … rather then to GDP per inhabitant. The Index of well-being in the French Regions, in a sustainable development approach …