We investigate the impact of bank capital, market discipline and charter value as bank disciplinary tools on both bank equity risk (systematic risk, total risk, and idiosyncratic risk) and default risk/credit risk. We analyse 218 listed banks across 15 Asia-Pacific countries, and find that bank...

This article examines the impact of the passage of the Second and Third Life and Non-Life European Insurance Directives on insurance firms located in 14 European Union countries, Norway, and Switzerland. The third directives have a wealth effect on the European insurance market, while the second...