Environmental regulation can be broadly divided into those that follow the top-down and bottom-up approaches. The two … each approach differ. The present study will explore the implication of environmental regulation to sustainability, costs …

tighter regulation. Using data from the electricity industry, this analysis considers the total effect of restructuring on one …

. Despite this ambitious reform programme, there are signs that regulation is not always working. The Commission itself has … intended that new regulation will be implemented to improve this situation. As part of efforts to make these markets perform … better, policy-makers are turning their attention to better understanding the consumer. Previously, regulation was usually …

across populations, and that specifically targeted “bottom-up” regulation from the demand-side could usefully address these …

been a shift from conventional rate of return regulation, and from earnings sharing schemes with profits caps, to prices …

Relatively little is known about the practice of settlement rather than litigation in US utility regulation, or about … utility regulation generally, even outside the US context. …

are not simply a more efficient way of doing the same thing as regulation. Rather, they involve considerable innovation …

Since early 2009, electricity and gas distribution in Germany has been subject to incentive regulation designed to … questions are whether the introduction of incentive regulation in 2009 has had an empirically demonstrable impact on investment … and whether this effect is due to the introduction of incentive regulation per se, or to its specific design. The findings …