<title/> The nature and extent of complementarities between the informal and formal venture capital markets has been the subject of limited research. This paper explores systematically the nature and extent of complementarities between the formal and informal venture capital markets in the UK, and...

The investigation of manufacturing employment change in Greater Manchester provides a provincial conurbation example to complement the well-documented case of industrial decline in London. Between 1966 and 1975 Greater Manchester lost one-quarter of its manufacturing employment, largely through...

The existence of an equity gap in the provision of venture capital has prompted a range of initiatives by public sector bodies to stimulate the venture capital market. This paper reviews the rationale for public sponsorship of venture capital and summarizes the four papers which comprise this...

It is now recognised that many businesses are unsuccessful in raising equity finance because they are not investment ready. This has prompted enterprise support organisations in various countries to develop investment ready programmes. In the UK, the emphasis of these programmes is on providing...

Business angels play a critical role in the creation of an entrepreneurial climate. However, measuring business angel investment activity on either a cross-sectional or time series basis is extremely problematic. This paper reviews various approaches to measuring business angel investment...

Access to finance has been identified as a significant constraint on the development of technology-based businesses. Although important, institutional venture capital and business angel finance are used by only a small proportion of new and growing ventures. The role of bootstrapping -- defined...

Relatively little attention has been given to the role of entrepreneurial dynamics in the origin and growth of technology clusters. To the extent that the role of entrepreneurship is considered at all, the emphasis is on the locally embedded nature of the process and on the characteristics of...