This paper introduces a second-order differentiability smoothing technique to the classical l <Subscript>1</Subscript> exact penalty function for constrained optimization problems(COP). Error estimations among the optimal objective values of the nonsmooth penalty problem, the smoothed penalty problem and the original...</subscript>

Penalty function is an important tool in solving many constrained optimization problems in areas such as industrial design and management. In this paper, we study exactness and algorithm of an objective penalty function for inequality constrained optimization. In terms of exactness, this...

We provide evidence that analyst coverage affects security issuance. First, firms covered by fewer analysts are less likely to issue equity as opposed to debt. They issue equity less frequently, but when they do so, it is in larger amounts. Moreover, these firms depend more on favorable market...

This paper provides evidence that analysts who have predicted earnings more accurately than the median analyst in the previous four quarters tend to be simultaneously less accurate and further from the consensus forecast in their subsequent earnings prediction. This phenomenon is economically...

Prior evidence that higher-quality financial reporting improves capital investment efficiency leaves unaddressed whether it reduces over- or under-investment. This study provides evidence of both in documenting a conditional negative (positive) association between financial reporting quality and...