The implementation of economic reforms under new economic policies in India was associated with a paradigmatic shift in monetary and fiscal policy. While monetary policies were solely aimed at "price stability" in the neoliberal regime, fiscal policies were characterized by the objective of...

Although nominal interest rates are constrained by the zero lower bound (ZLB), Central Banks can increase the monetary base (M0), e.g. by Quantitative Easing (QE). But the link, money multiplier, between M0 and the wider monetary aggregates has collapsed. Although QE was, nevertheless,...

Hasta 2008, el excedente de liquidez se caracterizó por mantenerse en niveles reducidos (Bs1.000 millones en promedio). Sin embargo, desde 2009 estos niveles se elevaron considerablemente (en febrero de 2010 superaron los Bs8.000 millones). La investigación busca las razones que determinaron...

The introduction and widespread use of credit cards increases trading efficiency but, by also increasing the velocity of money, it causes inflation, in the absence of monetary intervention. If the monetary authority attempts to restore pre-credit card price levels by reducing the money supply,...

We study the relative positions of M1 and M2 in light of their relationships with four U. S. equity exchanges: S&P500, Dow Jones Industrial, Nasdaq, and Wilshire 5000 composite. It is demonstrated that a long-term equilibrium relationship does indeed exist. Short-run dynamics are also considered...

The continuous regressions in the per capita income of the Sudanese people have triggered many suggestions to ameliorate their productive capabilities. One of them was the facilitating in financing programs through official channels. However, there are many structural impediments that inhibit...

The paper analyzes the impacts of Islamic and conventional Banks reserves' restrictions in Sudan. Comprehensively, those restrictions are necessary for health banks, performance and the viability of the macroeconomic performance in any country. The selected period of the analysis (2007-2009) is...

Hasta 2008, el excedente de liquidez se caracterizó por mantenerse en niveles reducidos (Bs1.000 millones en promedio). Sin embargo, desde 2009 estos niveles se elevaron considerablemente (en febrero de 2010 superaron los Bs8.000 millones). La investigación busca las razones que determinaron...

We prove the existence of monetary equilibrium in a finite horizon economy with production. We also show that if agents expect the monetary authority to significantly decrease the supply of bank money available for short term loans in the future, then the economy will fall into a liquidity trap...

In the last decade the issue of the optimal degree of central bank independence has been at the center of attention of academics and policymakers in many countries. The direction of institutional reform has almost universally been toward making central banks more independent from political...