reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …

This paper analyzes the levels of violence generated by the implementation of policies to discourage crime in an … the level of violence necessary to stay in the drug market. Subsequently, we analyze a policy of fighting against … organizations that remain on the market, while increasing drug production and violence. Finally, we discuss the hypothetical case of …

This article analyses the factors that cause violence in Latin America. It argues that high levels of violence can not …

reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …

This paper criticizes multicausal and penal impunity explanations of violence and crime. It shows the analytical limits … of identifying state and social institutional failure with objective causes of violence. But also highlights that …

reporting and domestic violence escalation. Along these two key dimensions, we find that female officers improved police quality … against women in that area, and especially domestic violence, are reported to the police at significantly higher rates. There …. Furthermore, we find evidence that female officers help prevent the escalation of domestic violence. Increases in female officer …