The purpose of this study is two folds: firstly, to analyze the direction of causality between corruption and political … instability directly and secondly, to determine the causality between corruption and political instability indirectly through … judicial inefficiency in Pakistan. The causality between corruption, political instability and judicial inefficiency is tested …

political corruption reduce the demand for international reserves and increase external borrowing. We provide evidence to …

This study asks why corruption is increasing in European countries and what are the most important factors that explain … such corruption? Although corruption scandals, speeches and reports indicate that corruption persists in European countries … no one has tested the causes of corruption in European countries and this study is, to the best of our knowledge, the …

by low inflation, robust growth and low level of bureaucratic corruption due to better governance. In contrast, the … corruption, high inflation due partly to reliance on seigniorage to finance public spending, and lackluster growth. Using annual …

investment is more efficient and less closely associated with corruption. This study however analyzed the determinants of private …

political corruption reduce the demand for international reserves and increase external borrowing. We provide evidence to …

2001 is resulting from wars, political and social instability and corruption. This paper suggests some solutions to attract … and increase foreign investment. Some reforms are needed to improve governance, reduce corruption, respect for laws, and …